Control system



Oct. 8, 1940. R D JUNKINS 2,217,637

CONTROL SYSTEM Fil ed July 9, 1957 12 Sheets-Sheet l INVENT R @W ATTQRNEY Oct. 8, 1940. R D JUNKINS. I 2,217,637

CONTROL SYSTEM Filed July 9, 1937 12 Sheets-Sheet 2 3nventor Oct. 8, 1940.

R. D. JUNKINS CONTROL SYSTEM Filed July 9, 1937 12 Sheets-Sheet 3 INVENTOR d /4,0

ATTORNEY Oct. 8, 1940. R. D. JUNKINS CONTROL SYSTEM Filed July 9, 1937 12 Sheets-Sheet 4 INVENTOR fay/4M4 ATTORNEY Oct. 8, 1940. R. D. JUNKINS CONTROL SYSTEM Filed July 9, 1937 12 Sheets-Sheet 5 ATTORNEY R. D. JUNKINS CONTROL SYSTEM Oct. 8, 1940.

Filed July 9, 19:57 12 Sheets-Sheet s ATTQRN EY Oct. 8, 1940. R. D. JUNKINS CONTROL SYSTEM Filed July 9, 1937 12 Sheets-Sheet 7 INVENTOR M/m.

ATTORNEY Oct. 8, 1940.

R. D. JUNKINS CONTROL SYSTEM Filed July 9, 1937 12 Sheets-Sheet 8' FIG. l0

ATTORNEY Oct. 8; 1940.

R. D. JUNKINS CONTROL SYSTEM 12 Sheets-Sheet 9 Filed July 9, 1937 ATTORNEY Oct. 8, 1940; R. D. JUNKINS 2,217,637

CONTROL SYSTEM Filed July 9, l937 l2 Sheets-Sheet i0 ATTORNEY Oct. 8, 1940. R. D. JUNKINS CONTROL SYSTEM 12 Sheets-Sheet 11 Filed July 9, 1937 ATTORNEY 8, 1940- R. D. JUNKINS 2,217,637

CONTROL S YSTEM Filed July 9, 1937 12 Sheets-Sheet 12 ZSnnentor Gttorncg Patented Oct. 8, 1940 v UNITED STATES PATENT, gorrlcaf I 2,217,037 I con-moi. SYSTEM Raymond D. Junkins, Cleveland Heights, Ohio;

aasignor to Bailey Meter Company, a corpora'- tionofDelaware Application July 9, 1937, Serial No. sasss 27 Claims. (Cl. 122-448) This invention relates to the art of-measuring' and/or controlling the magnitude of a variable quantity, condition, relation, etc., and particularly such a variable condition as the density oi a liquid-vapor mixture, although the variable may be temperature, pressure, or any physical,-che1nical, electrical, hydraulic, thermal, or other characterlstic.

My invention is particularly directed to a variable condition such as, for example, the density of a flowing fluid under treatment. The variation in the flowing fluid under treatment may be.

epitomized as a "condition" change and, for the purpose of this application, it will belunderstood that a condition change may be either a physical or chemical change, or both, and that the method hereinafter outlined and the apparatus specified is designed to be effective for all such conditions.

Condition change" refers toa change in the character or quality or condition of a fluid as distinguished from a quantity change such as rate of flow,or change in a position as, for instance, movement of the fluid from one tank to another. Moreover, whenever herein the word treating" or "treatment" is used, it is to be understood that any acting upon or in'connection with a fluid is intended; a fluid is treated when it is heated, when it' undergoes chemical change, when two or more va y -characteristic fluids are brought together, when a fluid iselectrolized, or when its degree of ionization is changed, as for instance by dilution, change of temperature, etc., and in general, when anything is done in connection with a fluid which is qualitative as distinguished from quantitative. I

These terms "qualitative" and "quantitative have reference to the broadest meaning thereof when used in connection with a definition of what is meant by condition change; forgin stance, the addition to or subtraction of heat from a fluid may merely cause it to expand or contract in size per unit of weight, but this change is nevertheless considered as qualitative rather than quantitative. Similarly, passage of electrical current from one-electrode to another immersed in a fluid is considered to effect a qualitative change therein within this disclosure; in short, any phenomena in a flowing fluid which so evidences itself as to be measured in the manner herein disclosed or in connection-with a density determination is deemed to be a condition change. 7 Having the foregoingin mind, it will be seen considering the parted thereto, or of an expansion ofthefluid while flowing through a treating none, for instance by changing the volume per unit lineal distance of the spacein which the fluid is travelin'g, ora combination of: these eifects may cause changes in the density .of a flowing fluid with w consequent productionof a variable which may be used as a basis for fluid processing control. It should not, of course, be overlooked that similar differing conditions may also result in variations in temperature, pressure, and the other factors which vary in a process. Moreover, a temperature change may occur in a fluid entirely because of internal action and without any external subtraction or addition of of chemical action.- I have chosen to illustrate and describe as a preferred embodiment of my invention its adaptation to the measuring and controlling of the density'and other characteristics of a flowing heated fluid stream, such as the flow of through a cracking still. 1

While a partially satisfactory control of the cracking operation may be had from a knowledge"; of the temperature, pressure and rate 01' the fluid stream being treated, yet a knowledge of the density of the flowing stream at different points in its path is of a considerably greater value to the operator, but was not'available prior to the discovery by Robert L. Rude, as claimed tables the density of the liquid or vapor may be so sequentially or g heat, that is, as a result 25 hydrocarbon oil determined. However, there are no available tables for mixtures of liquid and vapor.

In the processing of a fluid, such as a petroleum hydrocarbon, a change in density of the fluid may occur through at least three causes:

1. The generation or formation of vapor of the liquid, whether or not separation from the liquid occurs.

'2. Liberation of dissolved or entrained gases.

It will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art thatthe continuous determination of the density of such a flowing stream is of tremendous importance and valueto an operator in controlling the heating, mean density, time of detention and/or treatment in a given portion of the circuit, etc. A continuous knowledge of the density of such a heated flowing stream isparticularly advantageous where wide changes in density occur due to formation, generation, and/or liberation of gases, with a resulting formation of liquid-vapor mixtures, velocity changes, and varying time of detention in different portions of the fluid path. In fact, for a fixed or given volume of path, a determination of. the mean density in that portion provides the only possibility of accurately determining the time that the fluid in that portion of the path is subjected to heating or treatment. By my invention I provide the requisite system and apparatus wherein a determination of such information comprises the guiding means for automatic control of the process or treatment.

While illustrating and describing my invention as preferably adapted to the cracking of petroleum hydrocarbons, it is to be understood that it may be equally adaptable to the vaporization or treatment of other liquids and in other processes. For example, in the distillation of oils the generation of steam, and other chemical and/or physical processes, wherein a fluid is subjected to a condition change, as for example the heating of a fluid flow path. In particular, the invention relates to the automatic control of the treatment process, and as a specific example thereof I have illustrated and will describe the control of the rate of flow and of the heatingin a cracking still.

In the drawings:

Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic respresentation of density measuring apparatus for a heated fluid stream.

Fig. 1A is similar to Fig. 1 utilizing volumetric type flow meters.

Fig. 1B is a detail of Fig. 1A.

Fig. 2 is similar to Fig. 1 but includes a determination of mean density.

Fig. 8 is a diagrammatic arrangement of the measuring means in connection with a heated fluid stream.

Fig. 4 diagrammatically illustrates a control of combustion from density and temperature.

Fig. 5 diagrammatically illustrates another arrangement of combustion control.

Fig. 6 diagrammatically illustrates a control of heating and recirculation of the products of combustion in connection with a cracking still.

Figs. 7 and 8 illustrate a control of the fluid flow in an oil refining process.

Fig. 9 illustrates apparatus for guiding the control of condition change in a heated fluid path.

Fig. 10 is an arrangement for determining time of treatment and control therefrom.

Fig. 11 illustrates diagrammatically anarrangement supplemental to Fig. 10 for determining time-temperature relationship and control therefrom.

Fig. 12 is supplemental to Figs. 10 and 11for determining yield per pass and control therefrom.

Fig. 13 diagrammatically illustrates a control of combustion from a condition value at a plurality of points in the flow path.

Fig. 14 is a sectional elevation in detail of a pilot valve assembly.

Fig. 15 is a diagrammatic view of a special pilot valve construction.

Fig. 16 is a sectional elevation of an adjustable orifice.

Fig. 1'7 diagrammatically illustrates a variation of the showing of Fig. 13.

- Referring now in particular to Fig. 1,"I indicate therein a conduct i which may be considered as comprising the once through fluid path of an oil still wherein a portion of the path is heated as by a burner 2. With such an arrangement the fluid will undergo a condition change and, during such condition change, the density of the fluid will change so that the density at the outlet of the section which is being heated will be different from the density at the inlet of that section. If the section in question is the conversion section in an oil cracking furnace, the condition change brought about by the application of heat may be a physical change, or a. chemical change, or a combination of both. The rate of flow of the charge or relatively untreated hydrocarbon is continuously measured by the rate of flow meter, or differential responsive device 3, while a diii'erential responsive device 4 is located with reference to the conduit l beyond the heating means or after the flowing fluid has been subiected to a condition change such as heating or other processing.

While the fluid flow measuring instrumentalities 3 and 4 are illustrated and described as diflerential pressure responsive devices, it will be understood that such showing and description are illustrative only and not to be taken in a limiting sense, because fluid flow measuring devices such as displacement meters, volumetric meters, Thomas meters, or the like, may be used in the determination of fluid density in practicing the invention herein disclosed.

The float-actuated meter 3 is sensitive to the differential pressure across an obstruction, such as an orifice, flow nozzle, Venturi tube, or the like, positioned in the conduit for effecting a temporary increase in the velocity of the flowing fluid. Such an orifice may be inserted in the conduit between flanges as at 5. The meter 3 is connected by pipes 6, 1 to opposite sides of the orifice 5 and comprises a liquid sealed U-tube, in one leg of which is a float operatively connected to position an indicator 8 relative to an index 9. In similar manner the indicator ID of the meter 4 is positioned relative to an index II; the meter 4 being responsive to the diiferend=density in pounds per cu. ft. of the tlal head across-an orifice or similar restriction between tlieflanges I2.

The relation between volume flow rate and differential pressureihead) is:

The coeiflcient of discharge remains substan-- 'tially constant for any one ratio of orifice diameter to pipe diameter, regardless of the density or specific volume of the fluid being measured. With c, M and i all remaining constant, then Q varies as the Thus it will be seen that the float rise of the meters 3, 4 is independent of variations in density or specific volume of the fluid at the two points of measurement and that the reading on the indexes 9, II of diflerential head is directly indicative of volume flow. If the conduit size and orifice hole size are the same at both meter locations, then the relation of meter readings is indicative of the relation of density and specific volume; head varying directly with specific volume and inversely with density. Thus for the same weight rate of flow past the two metering locations the differential head at location I2 will increase with decrease in density of the fluid, and vice versa.

If it is desired to measure the flowing fluid in units of weight, Formula 1 becomes:

W cM /2 gh d where W=rate of flow in pounds per sec.

flowing fluid. h=difi'erential head in inches of a standard liquid such as water. =meter constant now including a correction between the density d of the flowing fluid being measured and the density of the liquid in the manometer which is some standard such as water. Assuming the same weight rate of flow passing successively through two similar spaced orifices 5, I2, and with a change in density as may be caused by the heating means 2, then the density at the second orifice I2 may be determined as follows:

in t X 2 Thus it will be observed that, knowing the density of the fluid passing the orifice 5, we may readily determine the density of the fluid passing the orifice I2 from the relation of differential pressures indicated by the meters 3, 4.

As an example of other types of fluid flow measuring devices, I illustrate in Figs. 1A and 1B the use of displacement or volumetric type meters primary device.

in an arrangement in general like that of Fig. 1.

In Fig. 1A the volumetric or displacement type of flow meter 0A is located in the conduit I ahead of the heating means 2, while a similar flow meter 4A is located after the flowing fluid has been subjected to heating or to other treatment.

As known, the total volume of fluid passing through a conduit in a given length of time is conveniently and accurately measured by positive displacement meters which have as a primary element'a chamber or chambers through which the fluid passes in successive isolated quantities or volumes. These quantities may be separated from the stream and isolated by alternate filling and emptying of containers of known capacity and fluid cannot pass through without actuating the The secondary element of such ameter usually is a counter with suitably gradu- ,ated, dials for indicating the total quantity that has passed through the meter up to the time of reading. In Fig-1A, however, the rotatable shaft which normally actuates such a counter is herein adapted to drive or position the mechanism which functions to determine density of the fluid.

The primary elements 3A and 4A which are inserted in the conduit I each have complementary rotatable members I58 which are mounted for rotation upon shaft centers in such a manner as to be in sealing contact with the inner wall of the meter casing and with each other. Thus, an effective seal is provided across the conduit I at device 3A and at device 4A. However, inasmuch as the elements I58 are rotatable, pressure of the fluid at the entrance to the device 3A causes rotation of the elements I58 therein, which causes the passage of definite trapped portions of fluid through the device 3A from the inlet to the outlet. The operation of the device 4A is similar.

The speed of a flexible shaft I59 leaving the priing means 2 with its density at a location after 0 the heating means. This comparisonwill allow me to ascertain the change in specific volume or density, due to the treatment or heating by the means 2, as well as to ascertain an indication of the heat change in the fluid.

While I have stated that the speed of the shaft I59 as well as the speed of the shaft I60 will individual-1y vary with rate of flow of fluid, still if I am making a comparison of the speed of the shafts I59, I60 where the same fluid passes successively through the meters 3A, 4A, then variations in the rate of flow will have no more effect upon the one shaft speed than upon the other shaft speed, and may therefore be disregarded entirely. Thus the speed of the shafts, I59, I60 will vary with variations in'speclfic volume or density at the individual meters 3A, 4A.

As previously statedfor the example illustrated herein, I consider that the fluid entering the meter 3A is the charge or relatively untreated hydrocarbon to the furnace, and at a I the design conditions for which the meter 3A and shaft I59 are calibrated. Assuming then for the moment that the specific gravity or density of the fluid in the conduit I entering the meter 3A remains constant, then the densityof the fluid passing through the meter 4A may be determined as follows:

1144 u Where da1l=density of fluid passing through meter 3A dul=density of fluid passing through meter 4A S159=speed of shaft I 58 'of meter 3A S1eo=speed of shaft I 60 of meter 4A This is, of course, predicated upon the fact that the meters 3A and 4A are of the same size and design so that if the same volume rate of fluid at the same density conditions is passing through the two, then the speeds of the shafts I69, I66 are-the same.

As a practical means of mechanically solving the Formula 3A to determine the density of the fluid passing through the meter 4A, I will now describe in detail the showing of Figs. 1A and 1B.

A disk I6I is adapted to be rotated by the dis-- placement meter 3A through the shaft I59. Frictionally engaging the disk I6I is a sphere or ball I62 likewise frictionally engaging a rotatable spool I63 supported by a carriage I64. The spool I63 is provided with an arm I65 as shown in Fig. 13 carrying a pair of contacts I66 and I61 connected through suitable slip rings in a drum I66 to opposed fields I69 and I10 respectively of a motor I1 I.

The drum I66 is rotated by the meter 4A through the agency of the shaft I66 and carries a contact I12 cooperating with the contacts I66, I61. The contact I12 is connected through a slip ring in the drum I66 directly to the power source I13 through a conductor I14. rangement is such that upon engagement of the contact I12 with the contact I66 the fleld I66 is energized and conversely upon engagement of the contact 112 with the contact I61 the field I16 is energized. The motor "I is adapted to drive an indicating-recording pen arm I16 relative to a chart I16 through gears I11 and in unison thercy with the carriage I64 through a gear I16 mesh; ing with a suitable rack I16 carried in the care.

riage I64.

In operation, assuming the system to be in equilibrium the contacts I66, I61 will be rotated at synchronous speed with the contacts I12 so that the fields I69, I10 of the motor I" are deenergized. Upon an increase in the rate of firing through the burner 2 with a corresponding increase in specific volume and conversely a decrease in density of the fluid passing through carriage I64 to the right on the drawings, whereby the radius of contact of the sphere I62 with the disk I6I relative to the center of the disk I6I will be increased, and thereby the speed of rotation of the spool I63 and contacts I66, I61 will be increased relative to what itwas previously, and such action will continue until the rotative speed of the contacts I66, I61 and the contact The ar- I12 is in synchronism and the contact I12 is not close circuited with either the contact I66 or the contact I61, whereafter rotation of the motor "I will cease. The position of the carriage I64 and correspondingly (through the gear I11) of the indicator I15 relative to the chart I16 is'indicative of the density of the fluid passing through the meter 4A. This may be seen from the following:

Angular travel of 165: ltravel of 159x Radius Angular travel of l72= Atravel of 160 But in equilibrium- Angular travel of 165=Angular travel of 172 Therefore Atravel of 159 Radius= Atravel of 160 Atravel of 160 (travel of 159 and- When Ltravel of 159=o R=infinity When Atravel of l60=0 R= g the fluid passing through the meter 4A. The

value of the density of the fluid passing through the meter 4A is indicated and recorded relative to the chart I16 by the positioning of the pointer I15 through the agency of the motor I".

I have new illustrated and described two somewhat dissimilar types of flow metering devices utilized in the determination of density of a flowing fluid stream, but it does not seem necessary for an understanding of my invention to describe the utilization of more than a single representative type of metering device in the measuring and re lating of fluid treatment. I have, therefore, chosen the first example, namely, that illustrated in Fig. 1 as a representative type of fluid flow measuring apparatus, and which I will now describe in connection with the remaining drawings and the arrangements illustrated thereon. It is to be understood, however, that I' could readily illustrate and describe the arrangement of Figs. 1A and 113 as adapted to the varione arrangements of the subsequent sheets of drawings embodying my invention except that I feel that this would be an unnecessary duplication and lengthening of both the drawings and specification.

Referring now to Fig. 2, wherein like parts bear the same reference numerals as in Fig. 1, I indicate that after the fluid has passed through theoriflce I2A it is returned to a further heating section of the still, from which it passes through a third differential pressure producing oriflce ISA. The heating coil I4 will be hereinafter referred to as a first heating section, while the coil I6 will be referred to as a second heatin section. In the preferred arrangement and operation of the still the section I5 i the conversion or cracking section, and the one in which it is primarily desirable to continuously determine the mean density of the fluid, as well as the time ,of detention or treatment in the section. For that reason I now desirably determine the mean density of the fluid in the section I6 and accomplish this through an interrelation of the differential pressures produced by the same weight flow passing successively through the oriflces 6, I2A, I IA.

The same total weight of fluid must pass through the three orifices in succession so long as there is no addition to or diversion from the path intermediate the orifice locations. It is equally apparent that in the heating of a petroleum hydrocarbon, as by the coil l4 between the orifices 5 and HA, there will be a change in density of the fluid between the two orifices, and furthermore that an additional heating of the fluid, as by the coil l5, will further vary the density of the fluid as at the orifice I3A relative to the orifice I2A.

Assume now that the conduit l is of a uniform size throughout and that the orifices 5, HA and i 3A are of a uniform opening area and coefficient or characteristic. Through the agency 01' the meter 16 the difierential pressure existing across I the orifice HA is continuously indicated upon an index l8 by an indicator H. The mean density of the fluid in the conversion section I5 is then obtained by averaging'the density of the fluid at the orifices [2A, I3A. As for-example:

11 md" 12A gm.

HA may be'obtalned in the same manner, relative to the density of the fluid at the orifice 5,

as was previously determined (3) for the density of the flowing fluid at the orifice HA. Simplifying this into a single operation I have:

J, 4, I6 is the same.

Now as the specific volume of a flowing fluid increases progressively from locations I to [2A to IIA, the difierential pressure across these orifices increases in like manner, and in the operation of such a cracking still several times that across the orifice I if the orifice sizes are equal. I have, therefore, indicated at I2A, ISA of Fig. 2 that these orifices may be of an adjustable type wherein the ratio of orifice hole to pipe area may be readily varied externally of the conduit through suitable handwheel or other means. Reference may be had to Fig. 16, which shows a sectional elevational of a typical adjustable orifice having a segmental shaped plate l9 projecting across the internal area. of the conduit l in varying degree depending upon the positioning of the plate l9 through the agency of a handwheel 20.

Such an adjustable orifice per .se forms no part of my present invention, and inasmuch'as it is an article of commerce readily obtainable in the open market, it is not believed necessary to go into greater detail in regard to its construction and operation.

The actual orifice design in terms of pounds per hour is:

4), The density of the flowing fluid at the orifice it may be that the differential pressure across an orifice "A will be where W=lhs. per hr. D=diameter oi equivalent circular orifice hole in inches c=coefiicient of discharge j=factor of approach sp. vol.=cu. ft./lb.

Now considering that orifice IIA is so adjusted that its c D is different from that of orifice i,

In similar manner I may determine the density at the orifice "A regardless of the orifice area,

so long as I take into account the cJ'D or the orifice in the above manner. It will thus be seen that, it the specific volume of the flowing fluid increases so rapidly that the differential head at successive orifice locations (for the same design of orifice) becomes many times the value of the differential head at the initial orifice, it would be impractical to attempt to indicate or record such difierential heads relative to a single index or record chart without one or more of the'indications or records going beyond the capacity of the index or chart. There are two ready means of overcoming th'ispraetical difllculty, the first being an adjustment on the successive orifices, such as "A, A, to have new values of cfD such that the indicator or recording pen will be kept on the chart; and the "second through varying the basic capacity of the meter I or I 8 relative to the meter 3. This latter method, comprising so arranging the meter 4, for example, that it re-' quires 50% greater diflerential pressureto move the related pointer over iull index range than in the case or meter 8. This may readily be accomplished by properly proportioning the two legs of the mercury U-tube,', on one or which the float is carried. 01 course it will be necessary to take such changes in capacity into account when utilizing the dlfierential head readings in determining density or mean density.-

' For example, the reading of the pointer relative to the index should be on a percentage basis of whatever maximum head the meter is designed for. Then the total head corresponding to the indicator reading will be available or the proper correction may be applied. Assume that the meter U-tube 3 is so shaped that it requires 120" ,water difierential applied thereto to move the indicator 8 from 0 to travel over the index 9, and that for meters 4 and I6 it requires 250 inch water diflerential to cause the indicator III to move from 0 to 100% over the index II, and I1 relative to l8. Then: I

F; float travel of meter 3 F float travel of meter 4 i Es hi2 4 substituting m ('1) and a.enemachit] In Fig. 3 I show in diagrammatic fashion the actual mechanism which I preferably employ to obtain indications of mean density, time of detention, etc. valuable as a guide to operation of the system and to actuate automatic control. According to Formula 5 it is necessary in determining the mean density ofthe conversion section to obtain the ratio of the differential heads at orifices 5 and |2A. Then to obtain the ratio of the differential heads at orifices 5 and "A. To then average these ratios. I accomplish this result through the use of logarithms, a process well known in mathematics, whereby it is possible to obtain a quotient by subtraction or a product by addition. In connection with logarithmically designed cams I employ self-synchronous motors which lend themselves readily to addition or subtraction through differential grouping at remote locations.

I indicate such self-synchronous generators.

for transmission of position at 2|, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 and 21, while the self-synchronous receiving motors are indicated at. 28, 2Q, 30, 3|32, 33-14, 3536, 31 and 38. The transmitting generator in each case is operated at a suitable angular rotation through the angular positioning of the rotor or single phase field winding. The stator or armature is in each case provided with a 3- phase winding. The field windings of each transmitting generator are energized from a suitable source of alternating current supply.

The operation of systems or this general-character for the transmission of angular movement is well known in the art. Voltages are induced in the 3-phase stator windings of the transmitter or receiver by the single phase field winding on the associated rotor. When the rotorof one of the transmitters is moved from a predetermind posi- 'tion with respect to its stator, a change is effected in induced voltage in the armature winding and the rotor of the receiving motor assumes a position of equilibrium relative to the transmitting generator, wherein the induced voltages in the 3-phase windings are equal and opposite, and consequently no current is set up in the armature winding. If the rotor 01 one of the generators is turned and held in a'new position the voltage is no longer counterbalanced, whereby equalizing currents are caused to flow in the armature windings which exert a torque on the rotor of the receiving motor, causing it to take up a position corresponding to the position of the transmitting generator.

The receiving motors 28, 29, 30 are individually positioned in synchronism with the transmitting generators 2 I, 23, 24. Between the indicator arm 8 and the transmitting generator 2| I interpose a cam 39 having a rise proportional to the'logarithm of its angular motion, to the end that the receiving motor 28 and the recording indicator 40 positioned thereby assume a position corresponding to log ht. Similarly the indicator arm 4| is positioned by the receiving motor 29 in accordance with the value of log 1112A, while the indicator 42 is positioned in accordance with the value of log hlSA- Actually the design is such that the transmitting generator 2| (positioned in accordance with log Fa) attains maximum desired rotation with from 10-100% full fioat travel. No motion or the generator 2| occurs when the float oi the meter 3 moves over -10% of its travel range. This because it is impossible to have a logarithmic cam start at zero, as the number 0 has no logarithm. Also because the logarithmic characteristics are such that I would have as much cam rise for from 1% to 10% of float rise as from 10% to 100%. Thus I may make the cam 39, and the similar cams of the meters 4 and I, of practical size and proportion by sacrificing only the first 10% of the float travel or the meters and with the expectation that the operation will not normally be below 10% of full fioat travel.-

In addition to indicating and recording in inter-relation upon the record chart 43 the values of the log or the differential pressures at the three orifices, the position of the transmitting generators 2|, 22, 24 is utilized through the agency of difi'erential self-synchronous devices to algebraically add the value of the log I: for the different orifices and thus accomplish the ratio .operation. Angular movement -imparted mechanically to the rotors oi the transmitting generators 2|, 22 will result in an angular positioning of the rotor of the receiving motor 3 |-32. Similar action occurs between the transmitting generators 2|, 24 and the receiving motor 33-44; and between the transmitting generators 22, 26 andthe receiving motor 35-46.

The receiving motors 3|32, 22-34, and 25- 28 have 3-phase rotor windings and 3-phase stator windings and are commonly known as diflerential self-synchronous motors, for in each case they are responsive to two of the transmitting generators and assume a rotor position corresponding in differential eilfect rrom the two related transmitters. For example, the receiving motor I|--32 has its rotor positioned responsive to a differential between the position of the rotor 2| and that of the rotor 28, or according to log hsl0g hm, thusperi'orming the mathematical operation:

correspondingly the receiving motor 3344 has its rotor positioned responsive to a differential between the position .0! the rotor 2| and that of the rotor 24, thus performing the mathematical operation:

h log 557 108 h; h g4 From Formula the mean density of the fluid in the conversion section is the density of the fluid at orifice I multiplied by the average of the ratio .01 heads for the difierent orifice locations |2A and "A. In designing the apparatus I incorporate an average expected value of specific gravity or density of the fluid at the orifice 5 in the transmitted motion of the rotor of 3|32 and of the rotor 33-34. Thus, if the expected density exists at the orifice 5, the indicator moved a by the rotor of 3|32 will indicate relative to the index 44 the instantaneous value of log (112x, while I tionalto games? Formula 4, and this I accomplish through a ditierential mechanism 88 adapted to position an indicator ll relative to an index and recording chart 82 to continuously record thereon the value "Ida. .1

It is to be understood that if the basic capacity of meters 3, 4, l8 vary one from the other, then as previously brought out, this may be taken care of as in (8). The linkage through which the arm l8 positions 28 and the linkage through which the arm ll positions 24 may incorporate the necessary correction values. Or it might be taken into account as at (9) at the outlet side of antilog cams 48, 41. Furthermore, I have illustrated and described the orifices HA and ISA as being adjustable as to cfD value and (9) such may be taken into account at the same time.

Referring to Fig. 3, I provide at 88-84 means for manually adjusting the eflect oi angular positioning oi cam 48 upon one-half of differential 58. Thus cam 48 which is angularly moved propor- F, h, F or log hm log will position the arm :4 relative to the index is according to:

iu 'g iu or Md" At 8! I indicate a manual adjustment of the motion of arm II to take into account deviations in value 0! ds of (9)- from design conditions, as might be attributed to changes in specific gravity, temperature, etc.

The arm ii is adapted to position a logarithmic cam 88 for moving a transmitter 28 propor tional to log mdis. The meter} positions a cam 28A for moving a transmitter 22 proportional to log am;

which so long as dis remains constant equals log W where Wis rate of flow in pounds. The ditierential motor 25-28 is then under the influence of'the transmitters 22, 28 representative of log W and log dle and the resulting angular motion of cam 8| is:

log T=log mdis-log W Cam 8| is of antilog design and the arm 82 is moved relative to record chart 68 to indicate the time of detention or treatment of any particle 01' fluid in the heating section l5, from:

where T=Time any particle is in section if.

V=Vo1ume between HA and HA (cu. ft.) md15=Mean density (lbs. per cu. ft.)

W=Rate of flow (lbs. per unit T) The position of the arm 62 is used to angular- 1y position a transmitter 25, in turn positioning a receiver 31 and cam 84. Closely related is a cam 85 positioned by a receiver 38 under the control of a transmitter 21 responsive to mean temperature oi. the fluid mixture. Temperature responsive bulb 86 is located in the fluid at the outlet of the heating section l5, while bulb 81 is located at the inlet to the section. The corresponding Bourdon tubes 68, 69 are arranged to position the transmitter 21 according to the mean temperature of the fluid through thesection I8. The cams 64, 8| may be designed as unii'orm rise cams or to take care of any characteristics or relationship as may be desired. Through their interrelation an indicator 18 is continuously positioned relative to an index and recording chart H to advise the time-temperaturerelationship for the conversion section II.

An indicator pen 12 is positioned with theindicator 18 by the time-temperature relation but is further provided wtih a stock factor adjustment 12 so that the pen 12 records on the chart H the yield per pass. The stock factoradjustment 13' is available to correct for deviations in specific gravity, Anilin number, and such other variables as may aflect the=charge of fluid entering the conduit I.

In Figs. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 13 I indicate the various self-synchronous transmitters and receiv ers of Fig.3 as circles and the numerous interconnecting wires merely by dot-dash lines for the sake of simplicity on the drawings. In Figs.

4,5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12 and 13 1 indicate pipes transmitting loading air pressures by short dash lines to avoid confusion.

Referring now in particular to Fig. 4, I show therein the conduit l as a once through fluid heated path wherein the charge stock passes through the oriflce I at the entrance to the still, then through the adjustable orifice |2A at the I entrance to the conversion section, and then through the adjustable orifice ISA at the exitoi the conversion section of the still. The general arrangement, similar to Fig. 3, is adapted. (on v the drawings) to vertically position the member I4, the pointer I relative to the index 16, and the pivot 11, in accordance'with the value of mean density mdis through the conversion section I5.

A thermocouple I8 is so located as to be sensi tive to theternperature of the flowing fluid at the entrance to the conversion section l5 and actuates a potentiometer instrument 19 for energizing a motor 88 in one direction or the other. The motor 88 is arranged to position an indicator pen 8| to indicate and record on a record chart 82 the value of temperature at the location I8, and at the same time-to vertically position a pivot point 82.

The pivot points 11, 83 form the two ends of a floating beam 84. Intermediate the ends of the beam 84 is freely suspended a pilot stem 85 for controlling an air loading pressure in accordance with relation between mean density and temperature.

Referring now to Fig. 14, it will be observed that the pilot stem 85 carries two spaced lands 86 and is axially movable relative to a passage through a housing 81. Air under pressure is available at the interior of the passage between the lands from any convenient source, such as an air compressor. Throughout the drawings I indicate the available air supply by a small arrow at the side of the pilot valve housings.

The lands 86 are in spaced relation to annular ports 88, the uppermost of which is in communication with an outlet connection 89 and the lowermost in communication with an outlet connection 90. The arrangement is in general such that axial movement of the stem 85 produces a gradation-in pressure available at the connections 89, 90. For example, if the stem 85 is moved upwardly, then the air pressure available at the outlet connection 89 increases proportionally to the axial movement, while that available at the connection 88 decreases at the same time. Downward movement or the stem 88 causes a decrease in pressure at 88 and an increase in pressure at 88. Thus the air loading pressure available through the outlet connections 88, 88 is definitely related in direction and amount to the axial positioning of the stem 85. Such a pilot valve arrangement is more fully described and is claimed in the patent to Johnson, No. 2,054,464.

of charge the mean density through the conv version section varies, then the pivot point 11 is moved upwardly. This positions the pilot stem and causes a corresponding variation in air loading pressure to vary the rate of firing; the air loading pressure from the pilot assembly 81 being effective through a pipe 8I and valves 82, 88 upon the fuel control valve 84 and/or the air control mechanism 85.

Through the agency of the valves 82, 88 the air loading pressure from the pilot valve 81 may be effective upon either the air supply or the fuel supply, or both. When throughvariation in the rate of firing the temperature at the thermocouple location 18 is varied in proper direction and amount, the new temperature efiective in positioning the motor 88 moves the pivot 88 downwardly until the pilot 85 is returned to its equilibrium position. Thereafter slight variations in temperature, or in mean density, will position the pilot 85 to vary the firing in amount and direction whereby the desired temperature standard for a given value of mean density is maintained. It is, of course, understood that after the new temperature standard for the new mean density has been attained this change in temperature will result in a change in mean density to return the mean density to its original desired value, and the new temperature necessary to maintain the mean density at that value will be recorded upon the chart 82.

Assume that I desire to maintain mean density and yield per pass constant. Then assume that an increase in pressure causes an increase in mean density and, for example, the pivot 11 moves downwardly. This positions the pilot 85 downwardly, increasing the loading pressure in the line 8I and increasing the rate of supply of the elements of combustion, or the firing. The increase in firing tends to raise the temperature at the location 18 and this results in a raising of the pivot point 83 with corresponding greater value recorded on the chart 82. The raising of the pivot point 83 tends to restore the pilot 85 to its original position. At the same time, however, the increase in firing decreases the mean density toward its original value and this causes a raising of the pilot 85 to somewhat decrease the firing. The system settles out to a state of equilibrium wherein substantially the predetermined mean density is maintained, but with a new temperature standard and the firing rate adjusted to maintain. that temperature standard. Such a temperature standard corrects the mean density for the variation it felt from the other cause or causes of mean density change, such as pressure variation or variation in the rate of charge, etc.

At all times the indicator 1! will indicate relative to the index 18 the value of mean density through the conversion section, while the indicator 8| records and indicates relative to the chart 82 the value of temperature at the thermocouple location 18.

Fig. 5 is somewhat similar to Fig. 4 wherein the end 11 of the member 84 is positioned in accordance with the value of mean density through the conversion section I5. The end 83 is positioned in accordance with the value of mean temperature through the conversion section I5 through the agency of thermocouples 88, 81 which are so connected in the circuit of the potentiometer 18 as to position the pointer 8| and the pivot 83 according to the mean temperature, or average temperature, throughout the section I5. A pilot stem 88 is vertically positioned by the member 84 relative to two pilot housings.

Referring now to Fig. 15, I show in detail the arrangment of this special pilot assembly wherein the outlet connection 88 leads to the fuel control valve 84 while the outlet connection I88 leads to a rheostat positioner I8I controlling the speed of a fan I82 for recirculation of the products of combustion around the bridge wall. As the pilot stem 88 is moved downwardly the land I83 provides a gradually increasing gradation in pressure available at the outlet 88. Simultaneously the downward movement of the land I84 results in a gradual increase in pressure available at the outlet I88 until after a certain period of movement the land III has reached a position relative to the port I that some of the pressure in the outlet I88 begins to bleed through the port I" to the atmosphere. The result is a sequential operation wherein continued downward movement of the'stem 88 results in a gradual increase in pressure at the outlet I88 until a certain value of pressure is reached, beyond which the pressure decreases. This action occurring while the pressure in the outlet 8.8 is continually increasing throughout full range of travel.

In Fig. 5 a valve I81 controls the air loading pressure to the device IM and a valve I88 controls the pressure to the valve. 84. Thus either 84 or I8 I, or both, may be actuated automatically from a positioning of the pilot stem 88. A hand actuated valve I88 is located in the fuel supply line ahead of the automatic valve 84 to limit the maximum available fuel at the burner 2.

In operation, assuming that the mean density through the conversion section remains constant, then any deviation in mean temperature from desired established value will shift the pilot 88 to vary the recirculation of flue gases, which will in turn vary the mean temperature through the conversion section and cause a movement of the beam 84 to reset the pilot toward its previous position.

If for some reason such as pressure, rate of charge, or other variable, the mean density through the conversion section should vary, other than through a change in temperature, then I would want to establish a new mean temperature to work to. This is done by virtue of the fact that the change in mean density causes a positioning of the point 11, which in turn positions the pilot 88 to shift the speed of the fan I82, and thus vary the temperature which is observed by the pointer 8I. 

